Tantangan Integrasi dan Harmonisasi Hukum Pidana Adat dalam Pembaruan Sistem Peradilan Pidana Nasional (Studi Pluralisme Hukum Indonesia, Kanada, dan Selandia Baru)
Kata Kunci:
Hukum Pidana Adat, Harmonisasi Hukum, Pembaharuan Hukum Pidana NasionalAbstrak
Isu hukum pidana adat dalam sistem peradilan pidana nasional menampilkan tantangan serius bagi harmonisasi hukum nasional, khususnya di Indonesia yang masyarakatnya plural dan adatnya berakar kuat dalam tradisi lokal. Pentingnya riset ini terletak pada urgensi pembaruan hukum pidana nasional yang mampu mengintegrasikan pluralism hukum pidana adat demi keadilan substantif dan perlindungan hak masyarakat adat. Studi ini membandingkan kerangka dan praktik integrasi hukum pidana adat di Indonesia, Kanada, dan Selandia Baru sebagai negara yang telah mengimplementasikan pengakuan serta pelaksanaan hukum pidana adat ke dalam sistem hukum nasional secara efektif dan progresif. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode sosio-legal, menggunakan data dan bahan hukum berupa peraturan perundang-undangan, putusan pengadilan, dan literatur ilmiah. Teknik pengumpulan data dan bahan hukum melalui wawancara dan studi kepustakaan, sedangkan teknik analisis silogisme deduktif dengan pendekatan komparatif untuk menemukan persamaan, perbedaan, serta tantangan integrasi antar negara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: (1) Di Indonesia, hukum pidana adat masih bersifat fragmentaris dan belum sepenuhnya terintegrasi dalam hukum pidana nasional; (2) Kanada dan Selandia Baru telah melakukan inovasi kelembagaan dengan memberi pengakuan formal dan ruang eksistensi hukum pidana adat dalam sistem nasional melalui pembentukan lembaga peradilan adat dan mekanisme restorative justice; (3) Tantangan utama, baik di Indonesia maupun negara lain, adalah perlindungan hak asasi manusia, kepastian hukum, penyesuaian antara prinsip legalitas dan kearifan lokal, serta peran negara dalam memastikan keberlanjutan nilai-nilai adat tanpa menimbulkan diskriminasi hukum. Integrasi hukum pidana adat dapat memperkuat keadilan kontekstual dan sosial, serta mendorong harmonisasi hukum nasional yang lebih adaptif terhadap dinamika masyarakat plural.
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